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ENGINE on The Week in Alt Fuels: Ammonia gains ground for 2030 entry

Recent developments in propulsion technologies and bunkering infrastructure suggest that ammonia could be included in the commercial bunker fuel mix before the decade is over.

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ENGINE on The Week in Alt Fuels: Ammonia gains ground for 2030 entry

Recent developments in propulsion technologies and bunkering infrastructure suggest that ammonia could be included in the commercial bunker fuel mix before the decade is over.

Japanese shipbuilder Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (Mitsui E&S) has started prototype testing of German engine maker MAN Energy Solutions’ (MAN ES) two-stroke ammonia dual-fuel engine at its Tamano Factory in Japan. Theoretically, prototype testing bridges the gap between concept and real-world application and shows whether an engine is commercially viable before large-scale deployment.

MAN ES and Mitsui E&S have not yet specified a timeline for project completion, but successful prototype testing could suggest that commercial deployment may be expected soon.

Swiss engine-maker Winterthur Gas & Diesel (WinGD) also confirmed that it will launch its ammonia dual-fuel engine by June 2025, while Finland’s Wärtsilä already introduced its ammonia dual-fuel internal combustion engine (ICE) last year.

WinGD has already secured 30 orders for its ammonia-capable engines across bulk carriers, container ships, tankers and LPG/ammonia carriers. Interestingly, classification society DNV reports that 30 ammonia-capable newbuilds are currently on order for delivery towards 2027, but it remains unclear whether all of them will be equipped with WinGD’s engines.

While ammonia ICEs mark a significant step toward its potential adoption as a commercial marine fuel, they come with one caveat – the need for pilot fuel, typically diesel, to ignite ammonia due to its high auto-ignition temperature. Diesel pilot introduces a carbon footprint, which undermines green ammonia’s zero-emission potential.

To address this issue, South Korea’s Hanwha Ocean is developing an ammonia gas turbine that could eliminate the need for pilot fuel altogether. The company aims to debut an ammonia gas turbine-powered LNG carrier by 2028, potentially opening the door to 100% ammonia-based propulsion.

Bunkering infrastructure is also a critical factor in enabling ammonia’s commercial adoption.

South Korea has committed $410 million to establish LNG, methanol and ammonia storage facilities at its major ports by 2030. In addition, the country has allocated $270 million to construct four bunkering-only vessels, designed specifically for LNG and ammonia refueling.

Bunker supplier China Shipping & Sinopec successfully bunkered an ammonia-powered tugboat at the COSCO Shipping Heavy Industry dockyard in China, demonstrating that safe and efficient ammonia bunkering can be carried out with the right infrastructure and handling procedures.

“The successful bunkering has effectively tested the integrity and efficiency of the company’s bunkering equipment system, gathered valuable knowledge and experience for the deployment of ammonia fuel in large vessels,” COSCO Shipping said.

Meanwhile, Norwegian ammonia producer Yara Clean Ammonia has signed the world’s first time-charter agreement for an ammonia-capable medium gas carrier with Japanese firm NYK. The vessel is set for delivery this November.

Despite these advancements, ammonia’s high toxicity presents significant safety challenges during bunkering operations and storage. Stringent safety protocols must be followed to mitigate the risk of exposure, especially given ammonia’s potential hazards to human health.

Ammonia bunkering and transfer pilots can help identify the key steps involved in safe fuel handling, Lynn Loo, chief executive of the Global Centre for Maritime Decarbonisation (GCMD), told ENGINE. Both operations require specialised equipment, robust containment measures, and strict handling procedures to minimise the risk of ammonia leaks during fuel transfers between vessels.

In other news this week, Swedish e-fuel company Liquid Wind plans to develop another 100,000 mt/year e-methanol production plant in Sweden. Liquid Wind has partnered with Swedish power utility company Övik Energi to set up renewable electricity input to power e-methanol and green hydrogen production.

South Korean shipping firm H-Line Shipping has placed an order with shipbuilding company HJ Shipbuilding & Construction (HJSC) for an LNG dual-fuel bunkering vessel. The 18,000-cbm capacity vessel will feature a dual-fuel propulsion system, allowing it to run on both LNG and conventional fuel oil. 

Danish pump manufacturer Svanehøj will supply deepwell CO2 cargo pumps for both the onshore storage facility and the first liquefied CO2 carrier in the UK-based energy company INEOS Energy-led Project Greensand. The deepwell CO2 cargo pumps for both the LCO2 carrier and the onshore facility at Port Esbjerg are set for delivery in the third quarter of 2025.

Related: South Korea’s HJSC scores LNG bunkering vessel order from H-Line Shipping

 

Photo credit: Yara
Source: ENGINE
Published: 17 February, 2025

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Alternative Fuels

Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

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Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Taiwanese shipping firm Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation (Yang Ming) and South Korean shipbuilder Hanwha Ocean on Wednesday (2 September) signed a shipbuilding contract for six 13,000 TEU class LNG dual-fuel container vessels. 

The contract was signed by Dr. Chuck Tsai, Chairman of Yang Ming, and Mr. Charles Kim, CEO of Hanwha Ocean. The vessels are scheduled for delivery between 2028 and 2029. 

They will complement Yang Ming’s existing fleet of 10,000+ TEU vessels and serve as key vessels on East-West services, with deployment flexibility across trade lanes connecting Asia with the East and West Coasts of North America, South America, and the Mediterranean. 

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

“As Yang Ming transitions toward net-zero emissions, LNG provides a relatively mature and economically viable alternative fuel solution, capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20%,” the company said. 

“At the same time, ammonia can serve as a carbon-free fuel by utilising converted LNG storage facilities, while offering relatively lower conversion costs and comparatively well-developed supply chains and infrastructure. The Ammonia Fuel Ready design will therefore provide Yang Ming with greater flexibility in responding to increasingly stringent international regulations on greenhouse gas emissions.”

In addition, the vessels will be equipped with Type B LNG fuel tanks with a design pressure of 1.0 bar to enhance the safety and efficiency of LNG operations, together with a range of energy-saving technologies, including Wind Shields, Rudder Bulbs, Pre-Swirl Stators, and Shore Power Systems. Smart ship technologies and cybersecurity protection features will also be incorporated to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and reliability while effectively reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Deliveries under Yang Ming’s next-generation fleet optimization plan commenced earlier this year. By 2030, a total of 24 new vessels are expected to enter service. 

This includes 18 LNG dual-fuel vessels—comprising five 15,500 TEU, seven 16,000 TEU, and the six 13,000 TEU vessels under this contract—alongside six 8,000 TEU methanol dual-fuel-ready ships. 

 

Photo credit: Yang Ming Marine Transport
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Both secured AiP for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

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LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Lloyd’s Register (LR) and the Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC) on Thursday (3 September) have secured Approval in Principle (AiP) for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

Announced at SMM 2026, the concept addresses one of the biggest investment challenges facing shipping today: the need to develop vessels and capabilities that can support a range of alternative fuel options and pathways as technologies, infrastructure and regulations evolve.

While LNG is already a mature fuel pathway, methanol and ammonia remain at an earlier stage of development, with questions around global fuel availability, infrastructure development, economics and long-term adoption.

The 114,000 DWT tanker concept has been designed as a product and crude oil carrier that can accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia as technologies, regulations and fuel supply chains mature. By incorporating conversion readiness at the design stage, the concept aims to reduce future retrofit complexity and provide owners with greater confidence when planning long-term fleet investments.

The design concept was reviewed against LR’s July 2026 class rules and regulations, including requirements relating to ships using gases and other low-flashpoint fuels, alongside relevant IACS Common Structural Rules for oil tankers. Final classification and statutory approval remain subject to full compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

Theo Kourmpelis, Global Business Director for Tankers, Lloyd’s Register, said: “Shipowners are being asked to make major investment decisions today despite continued uncertainty around which fuels will dominate in the decades ahead. Alternative fuel solutions each offer potential pathways to compliance, but fuel infrastructure, regulation and economics continue to evolve at different speeds around the world.

“Designs that preserve flexibility will be critical in helping owners manage risk while preparing for multiple future scenarios.”

Si Nan, Marine & Offshore Marketing Department Vice Director, MARIC, said: “As the industry explores different decarbonisation pathways, shipowners need vessel designs that can adapt alongside technological and regulatory developments. This concept was developed specifically to provide greater fuel flexibility and long-term resilience, allowing owners to respond to changing market requirements without being locked into a single fuel strategy.

“Receiving Approval in Principle from Lloyd’s Register is an important milestone that validates the design concept and supports its future development.”

 

Photo credit: Lloyd’s Register
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Ammonia

Mitsui E&S commercialises ammonia dual-fuel engines and fuel supply systems

Company says it has established a supply framework for marine propulsion systems aimed at the practical implementation of ammonia-fuelled vessels.

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Mitsui E&S commercialises ammonia dual-fuel engines and fuel supply systems

Mitsui E&S on Thursday (20 August) said it has completed the commercialisation of large ammonia dual-fuel marine engines and ammonia fuel supply systems (AFSS).

As the only company in Japan manufacturing both ammonia dual fuel engines and AFSS, the company said it has established a supply framework for marine propulsion systems aimed at the practical implementation of ammonia-fuelled vessels.

“While ammonia holds promise as a next-generation fuel that emits no carbon dioxide during combustion, it is difficult to ignite and poses risks related to toxicity and corrosiveness; therefore, ensuring safety, reliability, and environmental performance is crucial for its practical implementation in society,” it said. 

In February, Mitsui E&S conducted land-based tests involving the integrated operation of the Ammonia dual fuel engine MITSUI-Everllence B&W 7S60ME-C10.5-LGIA-HPSCR and the AFSS, witnessed by ClassNK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai), and verified their performance. 

Following the completion of the tests and the subsequent review, Mitsui E&S confirmed the completion of onshore testing in accordance with classification society rules and verified compliance with International Maritime Organization (IMO) NOx regulations through NOx certification. 

“Consequently, we have finalised the commercialisation of the ammonia dual fuel engines and the AFSS and are now able to supply it for actual vessels,” it added. 

Mitsui E&S said it has already decided to expand its land-based testing facilities for AFSS compatible with both Everllence and WinGD licensed engines. 

“In conjunction with this, we will establish a mass-production system for both the engines and the AFSS to meet the anticipated rise in demand,” it said. 

Mitsui E&S added the company is expanding its engine lineup to accommodate a diverse range of next-generation marine fuels, including ammonia, by offering ammonia-fuelled engines and AFSS as an integrated package.

 

Photo credit: Mitsui E&S
Published: 24 August, 2026

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