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Ammonia

Expert shares insights on ammonia’s toxicity as a bunker fuel

Muammer Akturk, a Senior Marine Surveyor, provides insights into the intricacies of ammonia’s toxicity, the safety measures needed, and the evolving regulations shaping its adoption.

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RESIZED Chris Pagan

Muammer Akturk, a Senior Marine Surveyor specialising in alternative bunker fuels, recently published an article on ammonia as a marine fuel in his Alternative Marine Fuels Newsletter.

He provides insights into the intricacies of ammonia’s toxicity, the safety measures needed, and the evolving regulations shaping its adoption with the recent discussions at IMO:

Introduction

The maritime sector confronts several significant challenges, primarily due to increasingly stringent regulations concerning emissions and climate change. Factors such as globalization, geopolitical shifts, digitalization, and cybersecurity concerns are further complicating an already intricate operational environment as the shipping industry seeks efficient propulsion and fuel strategies for its global fleet.

The recent alterations to the IMO’s Initial GHG-Reduction Strategy is an international pivot in the maritime industry towards adopting zero-carbon and low-carbon fuels by 2050.

Amidst the diverse array of technological and fuel options currently under consideration by ship designers, builders, owners, and operators, anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a potential marine fuel that could be introduced relatively swiftly. It presents a zero-carbon solution (measured from tank to wake) and when considering the entire lifecycle from production to usage (well-to-wake), green ammonia holds the promise of being the ultimate solution. However, it is important to recognize that while ammonia hold great potential, addressing its inherent toxicity remains as a pivotal challenge in harnessing its full benefits.

Properties of Ammonia

Ammonia, under standard atmospheric conditions, exists as a colorless gas and is known for its distinctive strong odor. When subjected to higher pressures, it transitions into a liquid state, simplifying its transportation and storage.

Ammonia exhibits a relatively limited flammability range when compared to some alternative fuels being explored within the shipping industry. However, it is vital to acknowledge its toxicity and high reactivity.

At lower concentrations, ammonia can cause irritation to the eyes, lungs, and skin, while at higher concentrations or upon direct contact, it poses an immediate life-threatening risk. Symptoms encompass breathing difficulties, chest pain, bronchospasms, and, in severe cases, pulmonary edema, characterized by lung fluid accumulation leading to respiratory failure.

Skin exposure to concentrated ammonia can result in severe chemical burns, while contact with the eyes can induce pain, excessive tearing, conjunctival swelling, iris and corneal damage, as well as conditions such as glaucoma and cataracts. Acute exposure to liquid ammonia can manifest as skin redness, swelling, skin ulcers, and frostbite.

Health Risks Associated with Ammonia Fuel Usage

Owing to its harmful properties, ammonia is categorized as a hazardous substance. National standards 

regulate exposure levels and duration, often establishing Permissible Exposure Limits around 50 ppm (parts per million), Recommended Exposure Limits at 25 ppm, and recognizing the Immediate Danger to Life or Health threshold at 300 ppm. Refer to Table 1 for details on exposure duration and associated health effects measured in ppm.

Table 1: Ammonia concentration and Hazard to Human Health

Table 1: Ammonia concentration and Hazard to Human Health

Acute Exposure Guideline Level (AEGL): Ammonia

AEGL 1: Causes irritation but is recoverable immediately when the exposure is stopped

AEGL 2: Cause irreversible or long-lasting health hazards

AEGL 3: Fatal

Potential Source of Ammonia Leakages Onboard

Presently, there are ongoing industry efforts to design and build both an ammonia-powered engine and a corresponding ammonia fuel supply system. These developments facilitate the identification of potential ammonia leaks within a ship’s system. Figure 1 illustrates various sources of ammonia leakage in the ship’s open areas, with the key sources being:

4.1 Sources of Ammonia Leakage in Open Areas

  • Ammonia fuel tank PRV open.
  • Fuel supply system purge/vent/bleed outlet.
  • Ventilation outlets in fuel prep room, TCS, double wall spaces.
  • Bunkering manifold in open zones.

4.2 Sources of Ammonia Release in Enclosed Spaces

  • Fuel preparation room (FPR).
  • TCS (Tank Connection Space).
  • Double wall spaces, including GVU room (Gas Valve Unit).
  • Enclosed bunkering station (if present).

4.3 Release Sources Under Normal Operating Conditions

  • Controlled releases from fuel prep ventilation outlets.
  • Purging and venting outlets with safety measures.
  • Safety measures include gas detection, alarms, shutdown, and ammonia treatment.

4.4 Release Sources in Emergency Situations

  • Uncontrolled release during emergencies, like fires near fuel tanks.
  • Large release potentially covering entire ship with harmful ammonia concentration.
  • Operation of ammonia treatment facility might not feasibly reduce vast gas release.
Figure 1: Potential Source of Ammonia leakages onboard (Source CCC 9/3/1)

Figure 1: Potential Source of Ammonia leakages onboard (Source CCC 9/3/1)

Development of IMO Draft Interim Guidelines for the Safety of Ships Using Ammonia as Fuel

The 9th session of CCC is scheduled to take place from September 20 to 29. Much attention is currently focused on drafting guidelines related to alternative fuels, crucial for the industry's decarbonization goals. One notable effort is the formulation of interim guidelines ensuring the safety of ships utilizing ammonia as fuel.

These interim guidelines are intended for ships subject to SOLAS Chapter II-1 Part G compliance and should be used alongside the IGF Code, incorporating specific considerations for hazards and fuel properties. Completion of this work is anticipated by the end of 2024.

The safety framework employed in the IGF Code for LNG systems encompasses five core principles:

  1. Segregation: Ensuring protection of the fuel tank and installation against mechanical harm and fires.
  2. Integrity: Designing the fuel system to minimize fuel leakage.
  3. Implementing double barriers in all fuel system components to prevent leaks.
  4. Detecting and warning of system leakages, enabling automatic safety responses.
  5. Automatically shutting down the fuel supply system upon leakage detection to mitigate potential consequences.

Additional critical safety measures are required to address fuel's toxicity properties too. A thorough understanding of these unique properties and their impact on risk assessment is vital for implementing effective safety measures to mitigate the risks associated with ammonia as a fuel. This serves as a critical foundation for the development of robust safety regulations.

As depicted in Figure 2, the safety principles outlined in the IGF Code for natural gas can be adapted for ammonia, albeit with substantial modifications to address the heightened toxicity risk in case of containment breach. The existing IGF Code requirements for natural gas do not encompass fuel toxicity, necessitating more stringent safety measures to safeguard against ammonia exposure during normal operation and emergencies.

1694320371057 1

Figure 2: Ammonia toxicity risk table on IGF Code concept (Source CCC 9.INF7)

Final Thoughts

The utilization of ammonia as a fuel in the maritime industry holds promise for decarbonization efforts. However, it comes with inherent toxicity issues that necessitate careful consideration. Safety guidelines and principles established for LNG systems, while adaptable to ammonia, require substantial modifications to address the elevated toxicity risk. Understanding the unique properties of ammonia, its potential health impacts, and implementing effective safety barriers are fundamental steps in mitigating the associated risks. As the industry progresses towards ammonia as a viable alternative fuel, robust safety regulations and comprehensive safety measures must evolve in parallel to ensure a safe and sustainable transition.

Photo credit: Chris Pagan on Unsplash
Source: Alternative Marine Fuels Newsletter 
Published: 12 September, 2023

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Bunker Fuel

SIBCON 2024: Singapore bunker suppliers must provide e-BDN from 1 April 2025

Senior Minister of State Amy Khor also announced MPA will reduce the frequency of verification checks for mass flow meters from twice a year currently, to once a year, from 1 April 2025.

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SIBCON 2024: Singapore bunker suppliers must provide e-BDN from 1 April 2025

From 1 April 2025, all bunker suppliers in the Port of Singapore will be required to provide digital bunkering services as a default, said Senior Minister of State for Transport and Sustainability and the Environment Amy Khor on Wednesday (9 October).

Khor said Singapore will be the first port globally to implement digital bunkering at scale. MPA launched the digital bunkering initiative on 1 November 2023, becoming the first port in the world to implement electronic bunker delivery notes (e-BDN).

“This initiative is expected to save the industry close to 40,000 man-days annually. In addition, MPA will introduce a centralised electronic Bunker Delivery Note record verification facility to enhance the transparency and integrity of transactions in bunkering operations,” she said in her speech at the 23rd Singapore International Bunkering Conference and Exhibition (SIBCON). 

She emphasised that the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) will work closely with industry partners and the unions to digitalise and streamline processes to improve efficiency in our port; strengthen our capabilities for the bunkering of future fuels and encourage adoption of these fuels; and upskill our workforce to facilitate the green transition. 

Khor also made the following announcements:

  • From 1 April 2025, MPA will reduce the frequency of verification checks for mass flow meters from twice a year currently, to once a year. Singapore was the first port globally to adopt mass flow meters in 2017, and this new move is expected to help the industry save approximately $300,000 annually.
  • From 1 January 2025, MPA will roll out two innovative AI applications, DocuMind and DocuMatch, developed in collaboration with cloud service providers to drive greater efficiency in our port. These are expected to accelerate certificate processing time from up to three days currently, to a few minutes for most transactions.
  • Two ammonia bunkering proposals by Mitsui and Fortescue-Equatorial Marine Fuels have been selected by the consortia for the next round of Request for Proposal to provide a low- or zero-carbon ammonia solution on Jurong Island for power generation and bunkering.
  • MPA will commit $50 million to support the implementation of the refreshed Maritime Singapore Green Initiative, to further encourage the early adoption of green fuels and technologies across the maritime industry.
  • Singapore will continue to strengthen international partnerships through initiatives like the Green and Digital Shipping Corridors (GDSCs) to enable the digitalisation and decarbonisation of shipping. On 9 October, MPA and the Shandong Provincial Transport Department will be signing the Singapore-Shandong GDSC at the sidelines of the 25th Singapore-Shandong Business Council co-chaired by Mr Chee Hong Tat, Minister for Transport and Second Minister for Finance, and Mr Zhou Naixiang, Governor of the Shandong Provincial Government.

 

Photo credit: Singapore Ministry of Transport
Published: 9 October, 2024

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Alternative Fuels

Interview: Bunker trading firm ElbOil looks to China market for continued growth

With many achievements under its belt since 2011, ElbOil Group goes into details on its entry into the China market, its business expansion there and outlines plans heading towards alternative bunker fuels.

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Interview: Bunker trading firm ElbOil looks to China market for continued growth

Singapore-based bunkering publication Manifold Times recently interviewed Harro Booth, Managing Director of bunker trading firm ElbOil Group, on its entry and business expansion into the China market. Booth also outlined the company’s adoption plans to include alternative bunker fuels within its portfolio:

MT: Established since 2011, how has the ElbOil Group grown to date and what were the milestones accomplished during this period?

ElbOil was founded in 2011 with a primary focus on bunker fuel trading, catering to the shipping and marine industry. In the beginning, the company concentrated on building relationships with key suppliers and establishing a foothold in major trading hubs like Singapore, Rotterdam, and Fujairah.

Fast forward to 2019 and 2020, the company has transitioned its portfolio to compliant fuels, including very low sulphur fuel oil (VLSFO) and alternative marine fuels like LNG. ElbOil holds the license of a certified Biofuel Trading Entity since 2020 with Red Cert.

In 2020, to strengthen its position, ElbOil expanded by opening an additional trading office in Singapore and this allowed for better local market coverage, and faster response times to clients demands.

Over the years, ElbOil’s growth trajectory has been marked by a series of strategic milestones, from geographical expansion to digital transformation and regulatory adaptation.

Today, it stands as a global player in bunker fuel trading, with a strong focus on sustainability and innovation.

MT: Which year did ElbOil enter the China market and what were the push/pull reasons for this development?

After ElbOil set up Singapore office in 2020, we understand the rapid development of the Chinese market and Chinese shipowners are making an increasing share of the global shipping market. We hired two experienced traders to expand into the Chinese market in 2021 to 2022.

Additionally, ElbOil's growth in China complements its global expansion, as seen through its strengthened leadership team, especially with the addition of seasoned professionals to its management. These steps have helped the company build a strong foundation within China's maritime sector.

MT: Since initiation of the China business to date, what milestones have the company accomplished within this market?

Over the past two to three years, we have been providing our services to over 100 Chinese owners, operators, achieving over 800,000 mt of supplied volume at global ports for our Chinese customers.

In 2020, we started our Chinese ports supply through our partner in China who has over 20 years of trading experience. We have established credit lines totalling over USD 20 million credit lines with most Chinese suppliers. These milestones indicate ElbOil’s growing presence and strategic importance in the Chinese maritime industry.

MT: What value propositions does ElbOil offer for the Chinese shipping sector?

Based on the priority of our customers' interests and our knowledge of ports around the world, we provide customers with the most optimal bunkering solutions.

We take advantage of our global presence to provide accurate port information to our customers in ports and regions that are unfamiliar through our global expertise and local adaption.

As a member of the European Union, we provide our Chinese customers with the latest updates on the new EU regulations. We assist customers in arranging what they need.

MT: What plans does ElbOil have for the Chinese market and how will the firm achieve them?

We hope that with our professional service and spirit, we can win the trust of more Chinese customers. The Chinese market is a market that we should strive for more vigorously, and we also hope that with our assistance, Chinese shipowners and shipping operators can reduce unnecessary risks.

ElbOil has a long history of green energy, and we believe that we will provide customers with more professional guidance and services for the green energy transformation of the shipping market in the future.

We will have our Shanghai Rep office set up in early 2025, and we will have our local team to maintain more effective communication with our customers.

MT: Can you describe a marine fuels industry related challenge you were proud the ElbOil team overcame, and how was this challenge resolved?

The war in Ukraine, which began in early 2022, created a profound disruption in global energy markets, including the marine fuels (bunker) sector. The conflict led to sanctions on Russian oil exports, major supply chain disruptions, and dramatic price volatility in crude oil and refined products like fuel oil, which are essential for the shipping industry.

By taking swift, decisive action, the ElbOil team successfully navigated the challenges posed by the Ukraine war. ElbOil's ability to diversify its supply chain, implement robust price risk management strategies, and ensure full compliance with sanctions by investing a high six-digit number allowed the company to maintain business continuity for its clients.

Despite the chaos and uncertainty in the global energy markets, ElbOil's proactive approach helped secure stable fuel supplies, provided financial security through hedging, and strengthened customer trust through transparent communication and compliance. As a result, ElbOil emerged from the crisis more resilient and with stronger customer relationships than before.

MT: Moving forward, what is ElbOil doing to remain relevant within the marine fuels market heading into IMO 2030/2050?

As the marine fuels industry heads towards stricter environmental regulations, such as IMO 2030 and IMO 2050, ElbOil is proactively positioning itself to remain relevant by embracing innovation, sustainability, and digital transformation. Here’s a detailed outline of what ElbOil is doing to prepare for and thrive in the evolving market:

To align with the IMO 2030 target of reducing CO2 emissions per transport work by 40%, and the IMO 2050 goal of cutting total greenhouse gas emissions by 50%, ElbOil is actively diversifying its fuel portfolio to include cleaner and alternative fuels even with the possibility of direct supplies and production.

This shift is essential as shipping companies seek to comply with increasingly stringent regulations.

  • Biofuels and Renewable Energy: ElbOil is forming partnerships with biofuel producers to supply second-generation biofuels, which offer a significant reduction in carbon emissions. These biofuels are derived from sustainable sources like used cooking oil and waste materials, helping clients reduce their carbon footprint.
  • LNG and Ammonia: As Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) becomes a popular transitional fuel, ElbOil is ready to supply LNG and or ammonia to their clients due to some co- operations with suppliers.
  • Carbon-Neutral Solutions: ElbOil is offering carbon offset programs, allowing customers to purchase carbon credits to offset the emissions from traditional fuel consumption, ensuring their operations are carbon-neutral.
  • Carbon Capture: ElbOil is already invested in startups and investing in carbon capture and therefore contributes to our responsibility to a cleaner and green future.

Digitalisation is critical for efficiency, transparency, and regulatory compliance in the future marine fuels market. ElbOil is leveraging cutting-edge technologies to streamline its operations and offer more value to customers.

Collaboration is key to driving the maritime industry’s transition to a cleaner future. ElbOil is forging sustainability-driven partnerships with stakeholders across the shipping, refining, and fuel technology industries.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards are becoming increasingly important for companies operating in the marine fuels sector. ElbOil is positioning itself as a leader in ESG compliance, aligning its operations with global sustainability standards as having invested and being a board member of ESG NRG A/S, a Norwegian startup offering a full stop solution of compliance and reporting in EU -ETS and EU Fuel Maritime solutions.

As the industry moves toward IMO 2050, which aims for a 50% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions from shipping, ElbOil is taking a long-term view of the transition to zero- carbon fuels.

  • Research and Innovation in Zero-Emission Fuels: ElbOil is investing in research to better understand and commercialise future fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen, green methanol, and synthetic fuels. These fuels are critical for achieving the deep decarbonisation needed for IMO 2050.

ElbOil is committed to future-proofing its operations and maintaining relevance in the marine fuels market as it transitions toward a low-carbon future. Through investments in alternative fuels, digital innovation, sustainable partnerships, and compliance with evolving regulations, ElbOil is positioning itself as a leader in helping the maritime industry meet the IMO 2030 and IMO 2050 goals.

This forward-thinking strategy not only supports the decarbonisation of shipping but also ensures that ElbOil remains a trusted and reliable partner for shipowners and operators seeking sustainable and cost-effective marine fuel solutions.

 

Photo credit: Manifold Times
Published: 9 October 2024

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Alternative Fuels

DNV: LNG headlining new alternative fuelled orders in Q3

LNG accounted for around 60% of all alternative fuelled new orders in the third quarter mainly thanks to a strong uptake in the container segment, says Jason Stefanatos of DNV.

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DNV: LNG headlining new alternative fuelled orders in Q3

Latest figures from classification society DNV’s Alternative Fuels Insight (AFI) platform saw a total of 17 new orders for alternative fuelled vessels were placed in September 2024. 

DNV said LNG was the biggest driver, accounting for nine vessels, with most of these coming from the container segment. The remaining eight orders were for methanol fuelled vessels.

DNV: LNG headlining new alternative fuelled orders in Q3

DNV: LNG headlining new alternative fuelled orders in Q3

Although it was a relatively slow month for alternative fuelled vessel orders, it follows the two strongest months of the year in July and August, where 81 and 95 new orders were placed. 

“In both months, LNG was the main fuel of choice, accounting for 53 and 55 new orders respectively.  Order uptake continues to be dominated by the container segment, which accounted for around two-thirds of all orders in the third quarter of 2024,” it said. 

Overall, the steady momentum in the alternative fuelled orderbook remains. A total of 370 alternative fuelled vessels were ordered in the first three quarters of 2024, representing year-on-year growth of 24%.

Jason Stefanatos, Global Decarbonization Director at DNV Maritime, said: “Despite a slow month in September, a broader view confirms that the momentum in the new order market towards alternative fuelled vessels remains strong.

“LNG is clearly the headline story since the summer, accounting for around 60% of all alternative fuelled new orders in the third quarter mainly thanks to a strong uptake in the container segment.

“Although 49 new orders for methanol fuelled vessels were registered in the third quarter, only eight of these were placed in September, demonstrating a slight stagnation.”

 

Photo credit: DNV
Published: 3 October, 2024 

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