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New study shows real world complexities and shortcomings of IMO CII formula

If IMO aims to maintain CII as a meaningful measure to incentivise shipping’s decarbonisation, a thorough review of the formula is necessary, says Royal Belgian Shipowners’ Association and AMS study.

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The Royal Belgian Shipowners’ Association (KBRV) released a study that investigated issues with the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) formula. 

The study, titled Evaluating the Carbon Intensity Indicator: Challenges and Recommendations for Improvements, was done in collaboration with four master’s students from the Antwerp Management School (AMS). 

As part of their thesis project, the research conducted by the students included a comprehensive literature review, a qualitative analysis, and a quantitative analysis using data from Belgian-controlled ships.

The following are the key findings and recommendations of the study:

Key Findings 

Both literature review and qualitative analysis identified three variables with the most adverse impact on CII ratings:

  • Waiting Time: Time spent idling or waiting in ports or awaiting orders.
  • Number of Ports of Call: The frequency with which a ship docks at different ports.
  • Distance Travelled: The total nautical miles covered by the vessel.

The quantitative analysis confirmed the significant impact of these variables. However, a deeper dive into different shipping segments revealed a complex interplay of factors affecting CII ratings, making it difficult to pinpoint the main adverse variables universally.

For example, container vessels are highly affected by the number of port calls. An increased number of stops results in a worsened CII rating.

When comparing three Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) with similar distances travelled, waiting times, and number of port calls, differences in CII ratings still occurred. This could be attributed to external factors beyond anyone’s control, such as adverse weather conditions.

For LPG carriers, there was a clear correlation between waiting days and CII ratings. Carriers that traded on routes with major port congestions – thus longing waiting time – scored lower than a sister ship with identical design efficiencies on less busy operating routes.

Recommendations

These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of CII ratings. If the IMO aims to maintain the CII as a meaningful measure to incentivise shipping’s decarbonisation, a thorough review of the formula is necessary, taking into account the various factors beyond the control of both shipowners and charterers that influence the CII ratings. At a higher level, the scope and goal of the CII within the basket of measures needs to be reassessed as well.

Shipping is the most efficient way of transporting goods, emitting the lowest GHG per ton of transported cargo. Addressing the carbon efficiency of the sector requires the effort of every stakeholder involved, from shipowners and charterers to port authorities and customers. Placing the responsibility for a ship’s efficiency solely on the shipowner does not accurately address the complexities and other influencing factors that exist.

Note: The study titled Evaluating the Carbon Intensity Indicator: Challenges and Recommendations for Improvements can be downloaded here

Manifold Times has covered several parties calling for the amendment of CII in the past including:

Related: INTERCARGO joins shipping industry in calls for IMO to amend CII flaws
Related: IBIA pursues amendment to Carbon Intensity Indicator for bunker vessels

 

Photo credit: International Maritime Organization
Published: 24 July 2024

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Alternative Fuels

KR, HD Hyundai tap first ammonia dual-fuel sea trial to develop vessel operating standards

Trial generated data on the vessel’s fuel supply system and engine, which will provide a technical foundation for KR’s future development of domestic guidelines for ammonia-fuelled ships.

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KR, HD Hyundai tap first ammonia dual-fuel sea trial to develop vessel operating standards

Korean Register (KR) on Tuesday (14 July) said it is collaborating with HD Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) to establish a domestic operating environment for ammonia-fuelled vessels under the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries’ Green Shipping Corridor Construction Support Project. 

The initiative supports the development of ammonia as one of the most promising next-generation marine fuels.

HHI recently conducted a sea trial of Korea’s first ammonia dual-fuel propulsion vessel. The trial generated operational data on the vessel’s fuel supply system and engine, which will provide a valuable technical foundation for KR’s future development of domestic guidelines for environmentally friendly vessel operations and supporting wider maritime decarbonisation efforts.

A spokesperson for HD Hyundai, said: “Drawing on our group’s R&D capabilities and on-site technical expertise, we have made meaningful progress in advancing the application of ammonia as a marine fuel. We expect this to help enhance a sustainable maritime ecosystem while strengthening the competitiveness of Korea’s shipbuilding industry.”

Kim Daeheon, Executive Vice President of KR’s R&D Division, added: “The close collaboration between KR and HD Hyundai has enabled us to build the technical foundation for introducing ammonia-fueled vessels in Korea. We will continue to drive national projects forward together with HD Hyundai and establish technical standards befitting the era of Green Shipping Corridors.”

 

Photo credit: HD Hyundai Heavy Industries
Published: 17 July, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

SEA-LNG: LNG, biomethane bunkering continue to grow despite geopolitical uncertainty

The industry coalition says LNG-fuelled vessels, LNG bunker vessels, and LNG bunkering volumes, as well as biomethane bunkering and production, all continue to grow in 2026.

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SEA-LNG: LNG, biomethane bunkering continue to grow despite geopolitical uncertainty

Industry coalition SEA-LNG on Thursday (16 July) published its 2026 Mid-Year Market Review. 

It provides a snapshot of the current market conditions facing the methane pathway, with particular focus on the growth of liquefied biomethane (LBM/bio-LNG). This report comes as SEA-LNG celebrates its tenth anniversary and gains provisional consultative status at the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

According to analysis of vessel orders from January to June 2026 from SEA-LNG member DNV, LNG dual-fuel orders remain robust at 73 vessels, accounting for almost 90% of the alternatively fuelled order book, when compared with ammonia, hydrogen and methanol. Additionally, there are now 67 LNG bunker vessels in operation, plus 42 more on order.

The LNG order book continues to be dominated by vessels serving liner trades especially container vessels and pure car and truck carriers (PCTCs). This is consistent with recent analysis by the World Shipping Council which shows that LNG remains the preferred fuel for container ship owners, accounting for 58% of total tonnage ordered versus conventional fuels at 36%.

There was also an increase in bunkering volumes and infrastructure. According to analysis by Kpler, global LNG bunker volumes were around 770,000 cubic meters (m3) per month in the period January to May 2026. This represents an increase of about 13% on the same period in 2025 as more LNG fuelled vessels have entered into operation together with favourable LNG and conventional fuel prices.

Liquefied biomethane is bunkered routinely today, and liquefied e-methane is in development. Since the introduction of regulations like FuelEU Maritime, LBM supply and demand have grown significantly. Data from the European Biogas Association show biomethane production capacity reached 8.2 bcm a year by the end of Q2 2026. This represents an additional 1 bcm in a single year, or growth of 17%. The number of operational biogas plants rose from 1,678 to 1,975 plants with €36 billion of allocated capital investment driving the sector.

Steve Esau, SEA-LNG COO, said: “Despite geopolitical and regulatory uncertainties in 2026, the industry is maintaining momentum on the methane decarbonisation pathway. This year’s mid-year review confirms that methane is the practical and realistic solution for shipping decarbonisation. 

“This is reflected in the growing numbers of LNG-fuelled vessels, LNG bunker vessels, and LNG bunkering volumes, as well as biomethane bunkering and production growth. As we look ahead, with e-methane also materialising, we are confident in the trajectory of the methane pathway to decarbonisation.”

SEA-LNG is active at the IMO and EU to underline the importance of goal-based and technology-neutral decarbonisation regulations, and ensure a global market for low and net zero fuels. As the methane pathway continues to mature, efforts have shifted from raising awareness to sharing members’ collective expertise on important technical details that will, for example, further reduce global well-to-wake emissions and scale up bio- and e-methane development and deployment.

As part of these efforts, last week SEA-LNG was granted provisional consultative status at the IMO. This status will enable SEA-LNG to engage directly with Members States as it advocates for practical and realistic regulations to help move the maritime industry forward.

Peter Keller, SEA-LNG Chairman, said: “I have been with SEA-LNG since we founded it 10 years ago, and what strikes me is how methane has ramped up from a pathway to a clear runway for shipping decarbonisation. When building the first LNG-powered containership, I didn’t imagine that within ten years over 10% of the global fleet by deadweight could be powered by methane. 

“What started as a solution to reduce harmful local emissions has cemented itself as the practical and realistic option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions today and into the future. As I look ahead, the fundamentals are strong, the orderbook is growing, the bunkering infrastructure is expanding at a record pace, and biomethane and e-methane are building on LNG’s foundation. Just as we expected.”

Note: SEA-LNG’s Methane Pathway – 2026 mid-year market review can be viewed here.

 

Photo credit: SEA-LNG
Published: 17 July, 2026

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Biofuel

ADM completes first B100 biofuel trial voyage onboard bulk carrier

“MV Harvest Rain” was supplied with 107.39 metric tonnes of B100 biofuel for the five-day trial off the coast of Brazil to test how 100% biofuel performs in real-world conditions.

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ADM completes first B100 biofuel trial voyage onboard bulk carrier

Global agribusiness ADM on Friday (10 July) said the company successfully completed its first global B100 biofuel trial voyage onboard bulk carrier MV Harvest Rain.

For five days off the coast of Brazil, teams worked together to test how 100% biofuel performs in real-world conditions, from storage and purification to engine performance and crew operations.

The vessel was supplied with 107.39 metric tonnes (mt) of B100 biofuel for the trial.

“Marine transport is vital to ADM’s global supply chain. This trial helps us better understand how biofuels can reduce emissions today while supporting our net-zero ambition by 2050,” the company said in a social media post.

“Even more notably, this voyage marked a first for ADM, acting as exporter, charterer, owner, receiver, and processor.”

ADM added that insights from this trial will guide future planning across ADM’s marine fleet.

 

Photo credit: ADM
Published: 15 July, 2026

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