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Lubricants

VPS: Cost of caution in two-stroke cylinder lubrication

Joe Star examines the operational and financial impacts of lubrication strategies within the global merchant marine fleet, where two-stroke diesel engines are critical to world trade.

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Joe Star, Strategic Account Manager of marine fuels testing company VPS on Monday (27 October) examined the operational and financial impacts of lubrication strategies within the global merchant marine fleet, where two-stroke diesel engines are critical to world trade. The article also highlighted the essential functions of cylinder oil: protecting engine components, neutralizing corrosive by-products and minimizing deposit formation. 

The article also emphasised the risks of over-lubrication, comparing current practices versus recommendations for optimizing cylinder oil feed-rates: 

The Role of Cylinder Oil

More than 90% of global freight is transported by over 33,000 merchant marine vessels powered by two-stroke crosshead engines as their main source of propulsion; the two-stroke diesel engine has been the backbone of global trade and globalisation for well over half a century. Among one of the key factors supporting the reliability and uptime of these engines, keeping trade moving, is the effective performance of cylinder oil. Often referred to as the lifeblood of the engine, these oils provide critical protection to avoid abrasive, adhesive or corrosive wear from occurring within the engine; whilst maintaining a clean environment free of deposits.

Key Responsibilities of a Cylinder Oil:

  • Provide a full and stable oil film throughout the cylinder liner surface to minimise adhesive wear and metal-to-metal contact.
  • Provide corrosion resistance within the cylinder, through neutralising the sulphuric acid formation which occurs within the combustion chamber.
  • Minimise deposit formation on piston rings and liner surfaces, by providing detergency to remove particulates and preventing the build-up of hard deposits in key component areas.

Prior to the introduction of Emission Control Areas (ECA’s) and more advanced engine designs coming to market, (designed to cater for increased pressures and temperatures, maximising thermal efficiency), the cylinder oil landscape was largely static, and performance priorities were clear. SAE 50 oil viscosity, provided the optimum film and hydrodynamic lubrication properties, whilst Base Number (BN) 70 provided sufficient neutralisation and detergency properties. 

Over the last 20 years, the rapid development and introduction of differing cylinder oils has led to increased complexity onboard. The 2020 Sulphur Cap reset much of this complexity, with the industry and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) standards coalescing on 40BN as the optimum for non-scrubbed vessels and a wide range of fuels, with some oil formulations including neutral detergency to boost clean performance.

More does not mean greater reliability

With vessel operations being far reaching and extensive, consistent reliability is paramount, from both a time and resource perspective and in ensuring an asset is maximising its earnings potential. A stable and proactive reliability strategy allows for additional initiatives to be progressed, in place of one which is reactive to reliability-based events. Due to this, there may be the viewpoint to increase the amount of cylinder oil used to further promote reliability and avoid any unforeseen lubrication issues that can be costly. As reported by the Swedish Club, the most frequent causes of main engine damage are lubrication related issues.

Screenshot 2025 10 28 at 3.00.30 PM

However, additional cylinder oil within the system, not only represents a hidden cost to enhance reliability, but can also lead to significant reliability related issues which occur and manifest over time. Additional lubricant additives that are designed to react with Sulphuric Acid within the engine, can form hard deposits on piston rings, and in extreme cases polish the cylinder liner surface. This leads to scuffing, or engine seizing, due to future lubricant injections being unable to maintain the film thickness and distribution required within the engine. The key indicator of potential over-lubrication in this instance, is the lack of depletion of Base Number when compared to the fresh Base Number of the cylinder oil in use. Note, OEM’s recommend a safe level to be in excess of 10-15mg/KOH for the majority of cylinder oil and fuel combinations in use, with both Everllence and WinGD recognising the dangers that over-lubrication can bring.

Note: The full article by Joe Star can be viewed here

 

Photo credit: VPS
Published: 28 October, 2025

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Lubricants

Lube Synergy becomes official authorised distributor and channel partner of Petronas Lubricants International

Authorisation covers the marketing, sale, storage and delivery of Petronas marine lubricant products, including but not limited to marine engine oils, hydraulic oils, gear oils, compressor oils and greases.

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Petronas Lubricants 1 MT

Independent European marine lubricants supplier Lube Synergy OÜ on 16 July became an authorised distributor and channel partner of Petronas Lubricants International for the supply and distribution of its marine engine lubricants and related secondary products, learned Manifold Times.

The authorisation covers the marketing, sale, storage and delivery of Petronas marine lubricant products, including but not limited to marine engine oils, hydraulic oils, gear oils, compressor oils and greases, to vessels operating within the designated ports and marine service locations: which includes:

  • Spain
  • Denmark
  • Panama
  • Egypt
  • Netherlands/Belgium/Germany
  • Las Palmas (Canary Islands)
  • Togo
  • South Africa

“We are honoured and deeply appreciative to have been selected as an official authorised distributor and channel partner of Petronas marine engine lubricants,” Aleksandr Antonov, General Manager, Lube Synergy, told the bunkering publication.

“This appointment reflects the confidence placed in Lube Synergy’s capabilities, service standards and commitment to supporting vessel operators with reliable, high-quality lubrication solutions across key marine markets.

“We look forward to working closely with Petronas Lubricants International to deliver value, responsiveness and technical support to our customers and grow the business.”

Petronas Hydraulic 1 MT

Interested parties may contact Lube Synergy below:

Aleksandr Antonov
Genera Manager / Lube Synergy OÜ
Phone: +372 5344 9690
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.lubesynergy.com

 

Photo credit: Lube Synergy
Published: 29 July 2026

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Lubricants

VPS on longer drains, lower cost: The role of oil analysis of synthetic engine oils

With synthetic engine oils playing an increasingly important role in marine operations, Joe Star of VPS, said the key to unlocking the full value of synthetic lubricants is condition-based oil analysis.

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With synthetic engine oils playing an increasingly important role in modern machinery and marine operations, Joe Star, Strategic Account Manager of marine fuels testing company VPS on Tuesday (7 July), said the key to unlocking the full value of synthetic lubricants is condition-based oil analysis:

A Demanding Environment

Across the United States, many vessels operating offshore and across the country’s inland water ways are powered by high-speed engines. These engines provide one of the most demanding lubrication environments for engine oils to manage.

Engines frequently run at high loads, switching between long periods of continuous operation and shorter stints alternating between idling, standby and high loads during manoeuvring.

Such load changes, temperature variations and extreme conditions, along with the unique operating profile, vessels encounter, place extreme stress on engine oils. This results in leading Equipment Manufacturer’s (OEM’s) typically recommending drain intervals averaging only 250 operating hours. As a consequence, operators regularly assess the use of synthetic based oils, given the performance and commercial benefits that can be realised based upon extended drain intervals.

Whilst synthetic oils offer clear and significant performance advantages, the successful adoption and monetisation of a higher unit cost base product, depends upon implementing a structured and effective oil analysis program. 

The Synthetic Difference

As engine designs, pressures and temperatures have continued to evolve to keep pace with fuel efficiency needs and requirements, a similar situation has evolved across lubricating oils. With higher pressures and temperatures, the stress on the oil has never been greater. Requiring sufficient viscosity, stability, oxidation control and wear protection capabilities, to be prioritised by lubricant formulators.

Synthetic oils are typically granted a longer drain interval by the equipment manufacturer (OEM) and are proven to be able to achieve this due to their high Viscosity Index (VI) capabilities and the largely uniform molecular structure when compared to mineral oils.

In mineral-based oils, molecules can vary in size and shape, leading to inconsistent lubrication and film creation and most importantly can exhibit a quicker breakdown under heat and increased rate of oxidation. This leads to the low 250 operating hour drain interval, typically recommended in operation.

In theory, Synthetic oils have been proven to be able to significantly extend drain intervals to more than 5-6 times the OEM recommended mineral equivalent, with no performance or reliability issues. However, monetising and ensuring that this is completed, requires a mindset shift from scheduled drain intervals to a condition-based approach based upon routine oil analysis. Adjusting and extending drain intervals can mitigate the most common issue which challenges this practice, which is external contamination in the form of fuel dilution or water ingress.

External Contamination and Fuel Dilution

Due to the operational nature of many vessels which use high-speed engines as a primary source of propulsion, fuel dilution and water ingress are some of the most common occurrences of external contamination, limiting the lifespan of lubricants within engines.

Through leveraging VPS’ MyLubes digital application, extracting results reported so far in 2026, it can be seen that approximately 26% of all high-speed engine oil analysis, in which distillate fuels were in operation, were reported as either a caution or an alert against relevant limits.

Screenshot 2026 07 07 092933

70% of the cautions and failures reported were through a combination of Viscosity, Flash Point or Base Number; highlighting the fuel and lubricant interaction; as Viscosity failures covered both elevated and lower Viscosity values. Elevated viscosity being a sign of oxidation and lower viscosity indicating fuel dilution respectively.

Fuel dilution is when fuel enters the crankcase or sump and mixes with the engine oil in the system. Typically, it is distillate fuel (Marine Gas Oil) which is the fuel choice for these engines.

Vessel’s that are more susceptible to fuel dilution are vessels which operate on frequent start-stop cycles, prolonged idling and low-load operation, where operational profiles require short bursts of high load, this can promote fuel ingress into the lubricating oil.

Critically, when looking to maximise lubricant lifespan, VPS data shows that approximately 23% of caution/failed high-speed engine oil analysis results are due to fuel dilution, highlighting that in these instances, either mineral or synthetic based lubricants are not being maximised.

Screenshot 2026 07 07 093005

Fuel dilution has a direct impact on overall lubricant performance, notably:

  • Viscosity reduction, leading to increased metal to metal contact
  • Reduced flashpoint, leading to safety risks and onboard management requirements
  • Accelerated lubricant degradation and corrosion, leading to reduced component lifespan

Mineral and Synthetic based oils are both equally susceptible to fuel dilution occurring. In addition there are financial considerations to manage fuel dilution when Synthetic products are in place, due to the increased unit cost. Ensuring prompt detection and resolution is the most effective tool to effectively minimise the real-world impact of fuel dilution on lubrication strategies.

Monetising a more costly lubricant

Whilst typical mineral based engine oils drain intervals are approximately 250-500 hours, depending upon the engine make and model, synthetic oils have been able to extend drain intervals to over 2000 hours. The benefit to operators is clear on paper, with synthetic oils typically costing 2-3 times more than mineral equivalents. Provided drain intervals are extended beyond 3 times the mineral equivalent, a significant budget saving can be achieved by the operator.

Notably this creates a shift in operating mentality, moving from a time-based approach to a condition-based assessment of oil quality; meaning that a robust oil analysis programme and sampling interval becomes more important, not less.

In addition to providing the most effective early warning with regards to fuel dilution and contamination, a robust Oil Condition Monitoring (OCM) programme is the critical enabler to safely and reliably extending drain intervals with synthetic, or mineral based engine oils.

At a high level, based upon operational experience, VPS’s core recommendations for an effective programme to support extended drains include:

  • Sampling intervals at least twice per drain cycle: Increasing frequency if fuel dilution is observed, or engines are operated at low loads for extended periods
  • In practice, sampling every 200-300 hours is strongly recommended, typically 6-8 times per drain interval for Synthetic lubricants
  • Oil samples to be taken following representative running of the engine
  • Close monitoring of any deviation of trends, through digital platforms
  • Integration of lubricant sampling and data into Maintenance systems
  • Assessment of common limiting factors across fleets and engine types

Lowering Cost

Fundamentally, with high-speed diesel engines being the workhorse of inland waterborne transportation and offshore vessels; lubricants will be a critical part of the total system and subsequent operating cost.

Synthetic based products offer a benefit on paper when compared to mineral oils, however if such products are consumed at the same rate as mineral oils, there is no benefit to expenditure, and more money is spent for the same outcome.

Drain intervals can only be safely extended, and subsequently monetised, through a robust oil analysis programme. In the demanding environment of inland and offshore operations, oil analysis provides more than a measure of lubricant condition; it also delivers valuable insight into the condition of the engine itself. By routinely monitoring oil health, identifying contamination, wear trends and degradation at an early stage, operators can take timely corrective action, protect engine reliability, extend oil life and ultimately reduce operating costs.

 

Photo credit: VPS
Published: 8 July, 2026

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Bunker Fuel

Zhoushan completes Zhejiang’s first simultaneous anchorage bunkering of fuel oil, lube oil

Bahamas-flagged bulk carrier “FALBALA” recently received 999.2 mt of bonded marine fuel oil and 10 mt of lubricants at Mazhi Anchorage.

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Zhoushan completes Zhejiang’s first simultaneous anchorage bunkering of fuel oil, lube oil

Zhoushan has completed Zhejiang Province’s first simultaneous two-side anchorage operation involving both bonded fuel oil and lubricants, marking another milestone in the port’s integrated maritime services, according to the China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone on Monday (8 June). 

The Bahamas-flagged bulk carrier FALBALA recently received supplies at Mazhi Anchorage, where the bunker vessel Dong Fang Zhao Yang and the supply vessel Fu Rui 688 operated simultaneously on opposite sides of the ship. 

The operation delivered 999.2 metric tonnes (mt) of bonded marine fuel oil and 10 mt of lubricating oil in a single coordinated service call.

Traditionally, vessels at anchorage have followed a sequential “bunkering first, supply later” process, requiring separate operations that increase turnaround times and operating costs. To improve efficiency, the Zhoushan Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) introduced an innovative two-side simultaneous service model designed to enhance safety, compliance and operational efficiency.

Supported by coordinated efforts among maritime and port authorities, Zhoushan’s anchorage bunkering business has grown rapidly. During March and April, international vessels conducted 849 anchorage bunkering calls, up 37.6% year-on-year. In April, bonded marine fuel volume exceeded 800,000 mt for the first time, setting a new monthly record.

Zhoushan MSA said they will review the experience gained from the operation, refine safety and operational standards, and gradually extend the model to other anchorages while expanding one-stop bunkering services.

 

Photo credit: China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone
Published: 9 June, 2026

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