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Lubricants

VPS: Cost of caution in two-stroke cylinder lubrication

Joe Star examines the operational and financial impacts of lubrication strategies within the global merchant marine fleet, where two-stroke diesel engines are critical to world trade.

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Joe Star, Strategic Account Manager of marine fuels testing company VPS on Monday (27 October) examined the operational and financial impacts of lubrication strategies within the global merchant marine fleet, where two-stroke diesel engines are critical to world trade. The article also highlighted the essential functions of cylinder oil: protecting engine components, neutralizing corrosive by-products and minimizing deposit formation. 

The article also emphasised the risks of over-lubrication, comparing current practices versus recommendations for optimizing cylinder oil feed-rates: 

The Role of Cylinder Oil

More than 90% of global freight is transported by over 33,000 merchant marine vessels powered by two-stroke crosshead engines as their main source of propulsion; the two-stroke diesel engine has been the backbone of global trade and globalisation for well over half a century. Among one of the key factors supporting the reliability and uptime of these engines, keeping trade moving, is the effective performance of cylinder oil. Often referred to as the lifeblood of the engine, these oils provide critical protection to avoid abrasive, adhesive or corrosive wear from occurring within the engine; whilst maintaining a clean environment free of deposits.

Key Responsibilities of a Cylinder Oil:

  • Provide a full and stable oil film throughout the cylinder liner surface to minimise adhesive wear and metal-to-metal contact.
  • Provide corrosion resistance within the cylinder, through neutralising the sulphuric acid formation which occurs within the combustion chamber.
  • Minimise deposit formation on piston rings and liner surfaces, by providing detergency to remove particulates and preventing the build-up of hard deposits in key component areas.

Prior to the introduction of Emission Control Areas (ECA’s) and more advanced engine designs coming to market, (designed to cater for increased pressures and temperatures, maximising thermal efficiency), the cylinder oil landscape was largely static, and performance priorities were clear. SAE 50 oil viscosity, provided the optimum film and hydrodynamic lubrication properties, whilst Base Number (BN) 70 provided sufficient neutralisation and detergency properties. 

Over the last 20 years, the rapid development and introduction of differing cylinder oils has led to increased complexity onboard. The 2020 Sulphur Cap reset much of this complexity, with the industry and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) standards coalescing on 40BN as the optimum for non-scrubbed vessels and a wide range of fuels, with some oil formulations including neutral detergency to boost clean performance.

More does not mean greater reliability

With vessel operations being far reaching and extensive, consistent reliability is paramount, from both a time and resource perspective and in ensuring an asset is maximising its earnings potential. A stable and proactive reliability strategy allows for additional initiatives to be progressed, in place of one which is reactive to reliability-based events. Due to this, there may be the viewpoint to increase the amount of cylinder oil used to further promote reliability and avoid any unforeseen lubrication issues that can be costly. As reported by the Swedish Club, the most frequent causes of main engine damage are lubrication related issues.

Screenshot 2025 10 28 at 3.00.30 PM

However, additional cylinder oil within the system, not only represents a hidden cost to enhance reliability, but can also lead to significant reliability related issues which occur and manifest over time. Additional lubricant additives that are designed to react with Sulphuric Acid within the engine, can form hard deposits on piston rings, and in extreme cases polish the cylinder liner surface. This leads to scuffing, or engine seizing, due to future lubricant injections being unable to maintain the film thickness and distribution required within the engine. The key indicator of potential over-lubrication in this instance, is the lack of depletion of Base Number when compared to the fresh Base Number of the cylinder oil in use. Note, OEM’s recommend a safe level to be in excess of 10-15mg/KOH for the majority of cylinder oil and fuel combinations in use, with both Everllence and WinGD recognising the dangers that over-lubrication can bring.

Note: The full article by Joe Star can be viewed here

 

Photo credit: VPS
Published: 28 October, 2025

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Bunker Fuel

Zhoushan completes Zhejiang’s first simultaneous anchorage bunkering of fuel oil, lube oil

Bahamas-flagged bulk carrier “FALBALA” recently received 999.2 mt of bonded marine fuel oil and 10 mt of lubricants at Mazhi Anchorage.

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Zhoushan completes Zhejiang’s first simultaneous anchorage bunkering of fuel oil, lube oil

Zhoushan has completed Zhejiang Province’s first simultaneous two-side anchorage operation involving both bonded fuel oil and lubricants, marking another milestone in the port’s integrated maritime services, according to the China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone on Monday (8 June). 

The Bahamas-flagged bulk carrier FALBALA recently received supplies at Mazhi Anchorage, where the bunker vessel Dong Fang Zhao Yang and the supply vessel Fu Rui 688 operated simultaneously on opposite sides of the ship. 

The operation delivered 999.2 metric tonnes (mt) of bonded marine fuel oil and 10 mt of lubricating oil in a single coordinated service call.

Traditionally, vessels at anchorage have followed a sequential “bunkering first, supply later” process, requiring separate operations that increase turnaround times and operating costs. To improve efficiency, the Zhoushan Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) introduced an innovative two-side simultaneous service model designed to enhance safety, compliance and operational efficiency.

Supported by coordinated efforts among maritime and port authorities, Zhoushan’s anchorage bunkering business has grown rapidly. During March and April, international vessels conducted 849 anchorage bunkering calls, up 37.6% year-on-year. In April, bonded marine fuel volume exceeded 800,000 mt for the first time, setting a new monthly record.

Zhoushan MSA said they will review the experience gained from the operation, refine safety and operational standards, and gradually extend the model to other anchorages while expanding one-stop bunkering services.

 

Photo credit: China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone
Published: 9 June, 2026

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Business

Marine fuel supplier Colonial Oil Industries buys fuel distributor Atkinson Oil

Acquisition is expected to strengthen Colonial Oil Industries’ presence across the Southeast and expand its ability to deliver essential fuel and lubricant products to customers in the region.

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Marine fuel supplier Colonial Oil Industries buys fuel distributor Atkinson Oil

Colonial Oil Industries (COI), a division of Savannah-headquartered Colonial Group on Friday (1 May) announced the acquisition of Atkinson Oil Company LLC, a Sandersville-based commercial distributor of fuel and lubricants.

According to the company’s website, COI is a marine fuel supplier that provides LSMGO-DMA, ULMGO-DMA, IFO blends and marine lubricants in South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida and Georgia. 

The acquisition is expected to strengthen COI’s presence across the Southeast and expand its ability to deliver essential fuel and lubricant products to customers in the region.

“Atkinson Oil is a highly respected, relationship-driven business with deep roots in the communities it serves. The Sandersville and Macon markets serve as a natural extension of our growth strategy,” said Christian Demere, president and CEO of Colonial Group.

 “We are proud to welcome the Atkinson team to the Colonial family and look forward to continuing their legacy of trusted service for customers.”

Operations will continue in Sandersville and Macon, Georgia, with all existing facilities remaining active.

“Atkinson Oil Company LLC is pleased to transition its operations to Colonial Oil Industries, Inc., a highly respected leader in the fuel and lubricants industry” said Clint Hancock, chief executive officer of Atkinson Oil. 

“This transition reflects a shared commitment to safety, service excellence, and customer relationships, ensuring continuity for our customers while providing expanded resources and long-term growth opportunities under Colonial Oil’s leadership.”

The acquisition adds 14 Atkinson Oil team members to COI as part of an integration process designed to maintain continuity and support long-term growth.

“Customers and partners of both companies can expect uninterrupted service,” Demere said.

“The combined organisation is focused on maintaining existing relationships and over time, customers will benefit from expanded resources, enhanced distribution capabilities and additional service offerings.”

 

Photo credit: Colonial Oil Industries
Published: 6 May, 2026

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Lubricants

Singapore-based Gulf Marine expands bonded lubricant network across Fujian terminals

Company adds new supply points in Putian, Ningde, and Fuqing – growing its network across 14 additional operation terminals, four chemical product terminals, and two container/bulk cargo terminals.

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Singapore-based Gulf Marine expands bonded lubricant network across Fujian terminals

Singapore-based marine lubricant supplier Gulf Marine on Thursday (9 April) announced the expansion of its bonded lubricant supply points in China’s Fujian province, now including key terminals in Putian, Ningde, and Fuqing. 

This expansion allows vessels access to bonded lubricants across 14 additional operation terminals, four chemical product terminals, and two container/bulk cargo terminals across the region. 

“By enhancing our local network, we provide the supply resilience and responsiveness your operations require,” the company said. 

Manifold Times previously reported the company welcoming Reliable I, into service with a naming ceremony at Marina Keppel Bay, marking the arrival and operation of the company’s first purpose-built lubricant supply barge.

The vessel was expected to further strengthen Gulf Marine’s supply chain capabilities in Singapore, ensuring on-time, in-full lubricant delivery to vessels in Singapore and regional ports.

Related: Singapore: Gulf Marine debuts its first purpose-built lubricant supply barge
Related: Gulf Marine expands Singapore fleet to meet customer demand for marine lubricant delivery

 

Photo credit: Gulf Marine
Published: 10 April, 2026

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