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Royal IHC: Is there a future for internal combustion engines?

In the short term, internal combustion engines will power all larger ocean-going vessels and the dual fuel engine looks set to be the prime choice for the coming years, it said.

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Netherlands-based maritime equipment company Royal IHC published an article discussing the role of internal combustion engines in the maritime energy transition; it was written by Benny Mestemaker, Senior Research Engineer for New Fuels & Drive systems.

In previous blogs, we wrote about the innovative and complex drive systems that are required for the maritime energy transition. Fuel cells were mentioned as the prime mover for the future and yet, you may wonder if internal combustion engines still have a role in future drive systems?

For me, the answer is “yes”. At IHC, we think that internal combustion engines will continue to have a role to play in the maritime energy transition. In the short term, internal combustion engines will still power all larger ocean-going vessels. At the moment, only some vessels with very specific operational profiles and work areas may be fully powered by batteries or hydrogen-fuelled fuel cells (see figure 1).

Ocean-going vessels require more energy-dense hydrocarbon fuels and/or ammonia, and the maritime solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) required for these fuels are still in development. This is the gap in which the internal combustion engine can show its potential until SOFCs – or other more efficient prime movers – become available.

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Dual fuel (DF) engines
The recent uptake of liquefied natural gas (LNG) necessitated the application of DF engines. When these engines operate in gas mode, it results in a significant reduction of the nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions. In turn, lower emissions have a positive impact on the air quality in coastal areas and near harbours.

The DF engine concept could also be applied in the future to other renewable fuels, such as hydrogen or e-methane. This makes the DF engine a ‘fuel flexible’ power generation solution, capable of adapting to several types of new fuels. It is expected that LNG will be the most suitable fuel for the next 20 years, until one or more renewable alternatives are available to fuel the maritime sector. And so, the DF engine looks set to be the prime mover of choice for the coming years.

Gas-diesel (GD) engines
However, existing DF engines are limited to fuels with a high Octane number (the indication of a fuel’s ‘knock resistance’), such as methane and hydrogen. Combusting other fuels, such as ammonia and methanol with (near) zero emissions, requires new developments. 

The GD engine is capable of combustion methanol and other fuels in a Diesel-like process, such as on the STENA GERMANICA. However, this process is not able to achieve the low NOX emissions of the DF engine, regardless of the applied fuel. Therefore, additional measures, such as water injection or the application of exhaust gas after treatment, are required. 

New engines based on the GD concept are currently in development and may be ready for application in five years. Manufacturers are approaching the construction of engines in a more modular way, allowing for the conversion of a new diesel or DF engine into a GD engine with limited effort.

Advanced combustion engines
An engine with the potential to produce lower emissions is the reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. This has the ability to control the combustion process with more precision, resulting in a high efficiency, and lower NOX and soot emissions (see figure 2). 

The RCCI engine promises a low emission combustion process for low reactivity fuels such as methanol, without the need for additional measures. However, it is currently in development and a time to market is not yet known. Alongside the RCCI engine, there are other concepts in development, including two-stage turbocharging and hybrid electric turbochargers.

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Figure 2: Regions of NOX and soot formation with several compression ignition engine types, such as conventional diesel combustion, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) and l ow temperature combustion (LTC) (Agarwal et al., 2017)

Summary
The table below contains an overview of the above-mentioned prime movers and two main fuel cell types. The DF engine in combination with LNG seems to be the preferred low (harmful) emission solution for vessels with a high power requirement and a large autonomy for the coming 10 to 20 years.

For vessels operating close to the coast or inland, and therefore requiring a short autonomy, a hydrogen fuel cell system and/or a battery electric system is the most likely candidate.

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Our role
IHC is actively participating in national and international research projects, such as JOULES, ShipDrive, GasDrive, Green Maritime Methanol, NEON and Zero JIP . We do this to gain knowledge, contribute our know-how and stimulate new developments. In combination, this helps us to provide the most optimal long-term solution for our customers. If you are interested in collaborating with us in this field, we look forward to hearing from you.


Photo credit and source:
Royal IHC
Published: 19 August, 2020

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Alternative Fuels

Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

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Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Taiwanese shipping firm Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation (Yang Ming) and South Korean shipbuilder Hanwha Ocean on Wednesday (2 September) signed a shipbuilding contract for six 13,000 TEU class LNG dual-fuel container vessels. 

The contract was signed by Dr. Chuck Tsai, Chairman of Yang Ming, and Mr. Charles Kim, CEO of Hanwha Ocean. The vessels are scheduled for delivery between 2028 and 2029. 

They will complement Yang Ming’s existing fleet of 10,000+ TEU vessels and serve as key vessels on East-West services, with deployment flexibility across trade lanes connecting Asia with the East and West Coasts of North America, South America, and the Mediterranean. 

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

“As Yang Ming transitions toward net-zero emissions, LNG provides a relatively mature and economically viable alternative fuel solution, capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20%,” the company said. 

“At the same time, ammonia can serve as a carbon-free fuel by utilising converted LNG storage facilities, while offering relatively lower conversion costs and comparatively well-developed supply chains and infrastructure. The Ammonia Fuel Ready design will therefore provide Yang Ming with greater flexibility in responding to increasingly stringent international regulations on greenhouse gas emissions.”

In addition, the vessels will be equipped with Type B LNG fuel tanks with a design pressure of 1.0 bar to enhance the safety and efficiency of LNG operations, together with a range of energy-saving technologies, including Wind Shields, Rudder Bulbs, Pre-Swirl Stators, and Shore Power Systems. Smart ship technologies and cybersecurity protection features will also be incorporated to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and reliability while effectively reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Deliveries under Yang Ming’s next-generation fleet optimization plan commenced earlier this year. By 2030, a total of 24 new vessels are expected to enter service. 

This includes 18 LNG dual-fuel vessels—comprising five 15,500 TEU, seven 16,000 TEU, and the six 13,000 TEU vessels under this contract—alongside six 8,000 TEU methanol dual-fuel-ready ships. 

 

Photo credit: Yang Ming Marine Transport
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Both secured AiP for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

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LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Lloyd’s Register (LR) and the Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC) on Thursday (3 September) have secured Approval in Principle (AiP) for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

Announced at SMM 2026, the concept addresses one of the biggest investment challenges facing shipping today: the need to develop vessels and capabilities that can support a range of alternative fuel options and pathways as technologies, infrastructure and regulations evolve.

While LNG is already a mature fuel pathway, methanol and ammonia remain at an earlier stage of development, with questions around global fuel availability, infrastructure development, economics and long-term adoption.

The 114,000 DWT tanker concept has been designed as a product and crude oil carrier that can accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia as technologies, regulations and fuel supply chains mature. By incorporating conversion readiness at the design stage, the concept aims to reduce future retrofit complexity and provide owners with greater confidence when planning long-term fleet investments.

The design concept was reviewed against LR’s July 2026 class rules and regulations, including requirements relating to ships using gases and other low-flashpoint fuels, alongside relevant IACS Common Structural Rules for oil tankers. Final classification and statutory approval remain subject to full compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

Theo Kourmpelis, Global Business Director for Tankers, Lloyd’s Register, said: “Shipowners are being asked to make major investment decisions today despite continued uncertainty around which fuels will dominate in the decades ahead. Alternative fuel solutions each offer potential pathways to compliance, but fuel infrastructure, regulation and economics continue to evolve at different speeds around the world.

“Designs that preserve flexibility will be critical in helping owners manage risk while preparing for multiple future scenarios.”

Si Nan, Marine & Offshore Marketing Department Vice Director, MARIC, said: “As the industry explores different decarbonisation pathways, shipowners need vessel designs that can adapt alongside technological and regulatory developments. This concept was developed specifically to provide greater fuel flexibility and long-term resilience, allowing owners to respond to changing market requirements without being locked into a single fuel strategy.

“Receiving Approval in Principle from Lloyd’s Register is an important milestone that validates the design concept and supports its future development.”

 

Photo credit: Lloyd’s Register
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

DNV: Alternative-fuelled vessel orders hit highest monthly level since October 2024

LNG-fuelled vessels accounted for the vast majority of August activity while the strong summer performance marked a significant acceleration in ordering activity after a relatively slow start to the year.

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DNV: Alternative-fuelled vessel orders hit highest monthly level since October 2024

Latest data from classification society DNV’s Alternative Fuels Insight (AFI) platform alternative-fuelled vessel ordering was strong in August, with 52 new vessels added to the platform.

This is the highest monthly total since October 2024 and follows another active month in July, when 47 vessels were added to the database.

LNG-fuelled vessels accounted for the vast majority of August activity, with 46 orders recorded. The container segment led the way with 30 orders, while the car carrier segment contributed a further 12 LNG-fuelled vessels. In addition, four ethanol-fuelled bulk carriers and two hydrogen-powered bulk carriers were added during the month, as well as one LNG bunker vessel.

The strong summer performance marked a significant acceleration in ordering activity after a relatively slow start to the year. In total, 242 alternative-fuelled vessel orders have been placed in the first eight months of 2026, representing a 27% increase compared with the same period in 2025.

LNG remains the dominant fuel choice, accounting for 63% of all alternative-fuelled vessel orders registered so far this year. Container vessels represent the largest share of these LNG orders (59%), followed by car carriers (30%).

Jason Stefanatos, Global Decarbonization Director at DNV Maritime, said: “The past two months have been particularly strong for alternative-fuelled vessel ordering, with August recording the highest monthly total we’ve seen since October 2024. This has helped lift year-to-date orders to a level well above the same period last year.

“LNG remains the leading fuel choice, driven largely by activity in the container and car carrier segments. These sectors have been among the earliest adopters of alternative fuels, supported by predictable liner operations and increasing demand from cargo owners to reduce emissions across supply chains. 

“For many owners, LNG offers a combination of emissions reductions, fuel availability and future flexibility while the longer-term fuel landscape continues to evolve. 

“At the same time, the latest figures include orders for ethanol- and hydrogen-fuelled vessels, highlighting that owners continue to explore a range of decarbonization pathways. Different segments are making different fuel choices, but the overall level of activity demonstrates continued investment in lower-emission shipping.”

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Photo credit: DNV
Published: 4 September, 2026

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