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DNV on ammonia as a marine fuel: Prospects and challenges

DNV offers a concise summary of key developments in ammonia as a marine fuel, highlighting the opportunities and challenges ahead.

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In a recent Maritime Impact article, classification society DNV offered a concise summary of key developments in ammonia as a marine fuel, highlighting the opportunities and challenges ahead: 

Ammonia is gaining traction as a marine fuel, backed by regulatory progress, engine innovation and early fleet adoption. Due to high costs and infrastructure gaps, shipowners are advised to plan strategically when choosing the right future fuel. How far and fast ammonia as an alternative fuel can propel shipping decarbonization is examined in the DNV paper Ammonia in Shipping.

“The around 40 ammonia-capable ships on order put ammonia firmly in the decarbonization race,” says Linda Sigrid Hammer, Principal Consultant, Environment Advisory at DNV and lead author of the paper. 

“Across most barriers significant advancements have been made in the last five years, while challenges remain.” DNV’s paper analyses what it will take to get ammonia-fuelled ships approved, how to speed up the process, and practical steps for shipowners.

The paper identifies and discusses the remaining hurdles and presents them in a dashboard showing change in the status quo for ammonia fuel in 2025 compared with 2020.

Ammonia fuel rules progress

Ammonia’s toxicity requires stricter safeguards than conventional fuels. In 2020, approvals relied on risk-based case studies.

Since then, a combination of new DNV rules introduced in 2021 and updated annually and IMO interim guidelines launched in 2024 have given designers a regulatory framework to work with until binding Code amendments enter into force.

Amendments to the IGC Code (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk) allow ammonia carriers to use cargo as fuel, with draft interim guidelines recently finalized. Binding amendments to the IGF Code (International Code of Safety for Ship Using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint Fuels) are unlikely before 2032, however.

Ammonia propulsion gains ground

Five years ago, ammonia propulsion was conceptual. By August 2025, 39 ammonia- capable ships, mainly ammonia carriers and bulkers, were on order. By late 2025 or early 2026 we will also see the first deliveries of new vessels capable to burn ammonia.

Engine developers are committed. Everllence, WinGD and J-Eng are delivering dual-fuel two-stroke engines from 2025/2026, while Hyundai’s HiMSEN H22CDF-LA four-stroke has multi-class approval. Demonstrations, including Fortescue’s Green Pioneer and ammonia-fuelled tugs in Japan and China, prove operational feasibility.

Fuel-system solutions are also emerging, such as Wärtsilä’s integrated package and Alfa Laval’s FCM Ammonia. The sector has moved from theory to deployment.

How to manage ammonia’s energy density issues

Ammonia requires nearly triple the volume of marine gas oil for the same energy, reducing range and cargo space. But design strategies, dual-fuel capability and shorter bunkering intervals make the challenge manageable.

Naval architects now weigh trade-offs between capacity, range and bunkering.

“The severity of this barrier depends heavily on ship type and trading pattern,” says Hammer. “For liner services and vessels with deck space, solutions are easier. The space issue is now seen as a manageable design problem rather than a showstopper.”

High costs and fuel gaps slow ammonia adoption

Ammonia-fuelled newbuilds still typically cost 15–20% more than conventional designs, and for some retrofits even more. Although high, the additional cost remains within feasible limits, assuming other market conditions provide sufficient incentives.

Ammonia in Shipping reports studies suggest a 16% premium for a large containership, +19% for an Aframax tanker, and +15% for midsize gas carriers, while retrofitting older bulkers can be prohibitively costly at up to 60% of remaining ship value.

“Uncertainty on cost has narrowed as designs mature, but shipyards often add risk premiums for bespoke projects. Costs should fall as production scales and designs standardize, but the capital expenditure barrier is roughly as high as in 2020,” observes Hammer. “Even if ships are ready, the toughest challenges hinge on the cost barrier, in particular the fuel cost, which remains too high.”

Note: The full article by DNV can be found here

Related: DNV report: Ammonia shows notable progress as bunker fuel but barriers remain

 

Photo credit: CHUTTERSNAP on Unsplash
Published: 7 October, 2025

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Alternative Fuels

Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

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Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Taiwanese shipping firm Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation (Yang Ming) and South Korean shipbuilder Hanwha Ocean on Wednesday (2 September) signed a shipbuilding contract for six 13,000 TEU class LNG dual-fuel container vessels. 

The contract was signed by Dr. Chuck Tsai, Chairman of Yang Ming, and Mr. Charles Kim, CEO of Hanwha Ocean. The vessels are scheduled for delivery between 2028 and 2029. 

They will complement Yang Ming’s existing fleet of 10,000+ TEU vessels and serve as key vessels on East-West services, with deployment flexibility across trade lanes connecting Asia with the East and West Coasts of North America, South America, and the Mediterranean. 

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

“As Yang Ming transitions toward net-zero emissions, LNG provides a relatively mature and economically viable alternative fuel solution, capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20%,” the company said. 

“At the same time, ammonia can serve as a carbon-free fuel by utilising converted LNG storage facilities, while offering relatively lower conversion costs and comparatively well-developed supply chains and infrastructure. The Ammonia Fuel Ready design will therefore provide Yang Ming with greater flexibility in responding to increasingly stringent international regulations on greenhouse gas emissions.”

In addition, the vessels will be equipped with Type B LNG fuel tanks with a design pressure of 1.0 bar to enhance the safety and efficiency of LNG operations, together with a range of energy-saving technologies, including Wind Shields, Rudder Bulbs, Pre-Swirl Stators, and Shore Power Systems. Smart ship technologies and cybersecurity protection features will also be incorporated to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and reliability while effectively reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Deliveries under Yang Ming’s next-generation fleet optimization plan commenced earlier this year. By 2030, a total of 24 new vessels are expected to enter service. 

This includes 18 LNG dual-fuel vessels—comprising five 15,500 TEU, seven 16,000 TEU, and the six 13,000 TEU vessels under this contract—alongside six 8,000 TEU methanol dual-fuel-ready ships. 

 

Photo credit: Yang Ming Marine Transport
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Both secured AiP for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

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LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Lloyd’s Register (LR) and the Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC) on Thursday (3 September) have secured Approval in Principle (AiP) for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

Announced at SMM 2026, the concept addresses one of the biggest investment challenges facing shipping today: the need to develop vessels and capabilities that can support a range of alternative fuel options and pathways as technologies, infrastructure and regulations evolve.

While LNG is already a mature fuel pathway, methanol and ammonia remain at an earlier stage of development, with questions around global fuel availability, infrastructure development, economics and long-term adoption.

The 114,000 DWT tanker concept has been designed as a product and crude oil carrier that can accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia as technologies, regulations and fuel supply chains mature. By incorporating conversion readiness at the design stage, the concept aims to reduce future retrofit complexity and provide owners with greater confidence when planning long-term fleet investments.

The design concept was reviewed against LR’s July 2026 class rules and regulations, including requirements relating to ships using gases and other low-flashpoint fuels, alongside relevant IACS Common Structural Rules for oil tankers. Final classification and statutory approval remain subject to full compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

Theo Kourmpelis, Global Business Director for Tankers, Lloyd’s Register, said: “Shipowners are being asked to make major investment decisions today despite continued uncertainty around which fuels will dominate in the decades ahead. Alternative fuel solutions each offer potential pathways to compliance, but fuel infrastructure, regulation and economics continue to evolve at different speeds around the world.

“Designs that preserve flexibility will be critical in helping owners manage risk while preparing for multiple future scenarios.”

Si Nan, Marine & Offshore Marketing Department Vice Director, MARIC, said: “As the industry explores different decarbonisation pathways, shipowners need vessel designs that can adapt alongside technological and regulatory developments. This concept was developed specifically to provide greater fuel flexibility and long-term resilience, allowing owners to respond to changing market requirements without being locked into a single fuel strategy.

“Receiving Approval in Principle from Lloyd’s Register is an important milestone that validates the design concept and supports its future development.”

 

Photo credit: Lloyd’s Register
Published: 4 September, 2026

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Ammonia

Mitsui E&S commercialises ammonia dual-fuel engines and fuel supply systems

Company says it has established a supply framework for marine propulsion systems aimed at the practical implementation of ammonia-fuelled vessels.

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Mitsui E&S commercialises ammonia dual-fuel engines and fuel supply systems

Mitsui E&S on Thursday (20 August) said it has completed the commercialisation of large ammonia dual-fuel marine engines and ammonia fuel supply systems (AFSS).

As the only company in Japan manufacturing both ammonia dual fuel engines and AFSS, the company said it has established a supply framework for marine propulsion systems aimed at the practical implementation of ammonia-fuelled vessels.

“While ammonia holds promise as a next-generation fuel that emits no carbon dioxide during combustion, it is difficult to ignite and poses risks related to toxicity and corrosiveness; therefore, ensuring safety, reliability, and environmental performance is crucial for its practical implementation in society,” it said. 

In February, Mitsui E&S conducted land-based tests involving the integrated operation of the Ammonia dual fuel engine MITSUI-Everllence B&W 7S60ME-C10.5-LGIA-HPSCR and the AFSS, witnessed by ClassNK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai), and verified their performance. 

Following the completion of the tests and the subsequent review, Mitsui E&S confirmed the completion of onshore testing in accordance with classification society rules and verified compliance with International Maritime Organization (IMO) NOx regulations through NOx certification. 

“Consequently, we have finalised the commercialisation of the ammonia dual fuel engines and the AFSS and are now able to supply it for actual vessels,” it added. 

Mitsui E&S said it has already decided to expand its land-based testing facilities for AFSS compatible with both Everllence and WinGD licensed engines. 

“In conjunction with this, we will establish a mass-production system for both the engines and the AFSS to meet the anticipated rise in demand,” it said. 

Mitsui E&S added the company is expanding its engine lineup to accommodate a diverse range of next-generation marine fuels, including ammonia, by offering ammonia-fuelled engines and AFSS as an integrated package.

 

Photo credit: Mitsui E&S
Published: 24 August, 2026

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