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LR highlights potential and limits of hydrogen bunker fuel for decarbonisation

Despite a few emerging bunkering projects, low-emissions hydrogen as a whole accounted for less than 1% of global production in 2025, according to IEA figures.

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LR highlights potential and limits of hydrogen bunker fuel for decarbonisation

Classification society Lloyd’s Register (LR) on Thursday (8 January) has published the latest report in its award-winning Fuel for thought series, providing a comprehensive assessment of hydrogen’s potential role in maritime decarbonisation. 

Fuel for thought: Hydrogen examines hydrogen from production and supply through to onboard use, highlighting the fuel’s advantages alongside the safety, infrastructure and cost challenges that currently restrict its adoption.  

Green hydrogen has the potential to deliver zero tank-to-wake greenhouse gas emissions when used in fuel cells and has a vital role as the building block for e-fuels such as ammonia and methanol. But hydrogen’s low volumetric energy density, the need for cryogenic storage at –253°C and heightened safety risks means that the fuel is far from a ready-made solution for most ship types. 

The report notes that while interest is rising, particularly as regulatory measures tighten, hydrogen-capable vessels still represent less than 0.5% of the global orderbook. 

The assessment comes as shipowners face increasing pressure to cut emissions under the EU ETS, FuelEU Maritime and the IMO’s 2050 net-zero ambition. Green hydrogen stands to gain from FuelEU Maritime’s two-times multiplier for renewable fuels of non-biological origin until 2033, a mechanism that could accelerate its uptake as production scales.  

Infrastructure—and the lack of it—remain a critical challenge. Despite a few emerging bunkering projects, low-emissions hydrogen as a whole – including hydrogen produced via renewable-energy powered electrolysis (green hydrogen), biomass and fossil fuels with high levels of carbon capture and permanent storage (blue hydrogen) – accounted for less than 1% of global production in 2025, according to IEA figures.  

Significant investment in production, transport and bunkering infrastructure is needed before the fuel can support wider maritime demand. Shipping will also need to compete with other industries for green hydrogen, driving the need for robust certification schemes and transparent lifecycle assessments. 

Safety emerges as a key theme. Hydrogen’s wide flammability range, low ignition energy and potential for embrittlement require rigorous design standards and specialised crew training. 

LR’s own hydrogen requirements, set out in Appendix LR3 of its Rules for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels, provide a framework to manage those issues, supported by guidance on fuel cells, composite cylinders, liquid hydrogen systems and bunkering arrangements. 

Despite these hurdles, the analysis points to near-term opportunities. Early adoption is most viable for short-sea trades such as ferries, tugs and coastal vessels where regular bunkering cycles reduce the constraints of onboard storage.  

Fuel cell technologies show particular promise for these applications, supported by improving cost trajectories and advances in durability. Hydrogen-ready designs and hybrid fuel strategies also offer shipowners a practical route to futureproof assets. 

Padmini Mellacheruvu, LR’s Lead Technical Specialist in Cryogenic and Compressed Fuel Systems, said: “Hydrogen has an important role to play in the maritime energy transition, but the pathway to scale is complex. Progress will depend on early investment, careful planning and a clear focus on safety. 

“Our latest Fuel for Thought report brings clarity to both the potential of hydrogen and the substantial work still required to enable its safe, scalable and commercially viable use.” 

The report was written with a foreword by Dr Maximilian Kuhn, advisor and ISO TC 197 liaison to the IMO, as well as advisor to Hydrogen Europe. He said: “At Hydrogen Europe, we believe that hydrogen is more than just a fuel; it is one of the main drivers of systemic change.  

“Its versatility, scalability and compatibility with renewable energy sources put it in a unique position to address the complex challenges of maritime decarbonisation. Yet the path forward is not without obstacles: Infrastructure, regulation, safety and cost remain critical hurdles. 

“This report does not shy away from these realities. Instead, it provides a clear-eyed assessment of the current landscape while charting a course for innovation, investment and international collaboration.” 

Note: LR’s ‘Fuel for thought: Hydrogen’ can be found here

 

Photo credit: Lloyd’s Register
Published: 13 January, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

ClassNK updates safety guidelines for alternative-fuelled ships

The classification society says it has revised the safety requirements within its guidelines for ships using methanol, ethanol and hydrogen as marine fuels.

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Classification society ClassNK on Tuesday (18 August) said it has revised the safety requirements within its guidelines for ships using methanol, ethanol and hydrogen as marine fuels. 

In Part D of the guidelines, covering hydrogen-fuelled ships, the revision incorporates the Interim Guidelines for the Safety of Ships Using Hydrogen as Fuel (MSC.1/Circ.1701) issued by the IMO this year, and additionally introduces a hydrogen leak frequency table that can be used for the safety assessments required under the IMO guidelines. 

In Part A, covering methanol and ethanol-fuelled ships, new structural strength requirements for methanol/ethanol fuel tanks—which are not addressed in the IMO guidelines—have been established. 

“Through this revision, shipyards, designers, and shipowners can carry out design and safety assessments in line with the latest international standards, and by utilizing ClassNK’s own leak frequency estimates and the relevant requirements, they can proceed the development of alternative-fuelled ships in a more rationally,” ClassNK said in a statement. 

As the building of alternative-fuelled ships advances in response to the global challenge of reducing GHG emissions, ClassNK has comprehensively compiled the safety requirements for ships using methanol, ethanol, LPG, ammonia, and hydrogen—fuels regarded as promising alternatives—and has issued the guidelines. 

“Taking into account the risks that the use of alternative fuels poses to the environment, seafarers, and ships, the guidelines set out requirements for equipment, controls, and safety devices to minimize such risks,” it added. 

With the issuance of the IMO guidelines for hydrogen-fueled ships (MSC.1/Circ.1701), ClassNK said it has fully incorporated the IMO guidelines to make the guidelines more user-friendly for shipyards, designers, and shipowners, while also enhancing the requirements serving as design and assessment guidance for other alternative fuels. 

In the development of the IMO guidelines, now reflected in Part D, ClassNK participated as a member of the Japanese delegation to the IMO Sub-Committee CCC 11 and contributed to the discussions.

Note: The Guidelines for Ships Using Alternative Fuels (Edition 3.1)  can be viewed under “Guidelines” on My Page by registering as a user on the ClassNK website. 

 

Photo credit: Venti Views on Unsplash
Published: 20 August, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

Germany launches EUR 70 million funding programme for green inland shipping corridors

Eligible projects include the installation of zero- or low-emission propulsion systems on newbuild and existing cargo vessels, as well as investments in port infrastructure for alternative fuels.

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Maxime Vandenberge on Unsplash

Germany’s Federal Ministry for Transport (BMV) recently opened the first funding call under its new programme for green inland navigation, with up to EUR 70 million (USD 81 million) available for projects to develop green inland shipping corridors.

The funding will support the deployment of zero- and low-emission inland vessels and the development of associated infrastructure. 

Eligible projects include the installation of zero- or low-emission propulsion systems on newbuild and existing cargo vessels, as well as investments in port infrastructure for alternative fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol.

Funding will also cover facilities for producing renewable electricity and renewable hydrogen, along with storage systems. Infrastructure at transhipment and berthing facilities outside ports, including charging, refuelling and mobile supply equipment, is also eligible.

Companies, municipalities and other economically active organisations based in Germany can apply under the first funding call, which focuses exclusively on establishing green inland shipping corridors. Applications opened on 17 August through the German government’s easy-Online funding portal.

The initiative is also intended to encourage a greater shift of freight and passenger transport to inland waterways, while supporting Germany’s climate targets, European alternative-fuels infrastructure requirements and the long-term competitiveness of the country’s inland shipping sector.

 

Photo credit: Maxime Vandenberge on Unsplash
Published: 18 August, 2026

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Alternative Fuels

UK Chamber of Shipping releases industry-first safety evidence base for alternative bunker fuels

Publication provides preliminary, high-level risk assessments covering five key marine fuel pathways: Battery Energy Storage Systems, biofuels, methanol, hydrogen and ammonia.

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RESIZED Chris Pagan

The UK Chamber of Shipping on Monday (3 August) published Alternative Fuels: Building the Safety Evidence Base, a report bringing together industry expertise to identify and assess the safety considerations associated with the fuels expected to power shipping’s transition to net zero.

Developed through the Chamber’s Safety of Alternative Fuels Working Group (SAFWG), the publication provides preliminary, high-level risk assessments covering five key fuel pathways: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), biofuels, methanol, hydrogen and ammonia. 

Francesco Sandrelli, Policy Director (Environment) at the UK Chamber of Shipping, said: “Shipping is on a critical pathway to net zero. New fuels and energy sources are moving from pilot projects to commercial reality, but safety, standards and operational readiness must keep pace.

“There is no single fuel that will decarbonise shipping. Different vessel types, trades and operating environments will require different solutions. What is essential is that the transition takes place safely. This publication is an important step towards achieving that goal.”

Among the report’s key findings is the need for robust design and process safety frameworks to support the commercial deployment of alternative fuels. The research also highlights a number of cross-cutting themes, including material compatibility, emergency response preparedness, crew training and competence, and the need for clearer regulatory pathways. 

The report represents a major collaborative effort by industry to build a shared understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with alternative marine fuels. It provides practical insights into the known risks, highlights where further work is needed, and creates a foundation for future research, regulation and operational learning. 

The SAFWG was established by the UK Chamber of Shipping to support industry understanding of the safety implications associated with emerging zero and near-zero emission fuels. 

The report is the culmination of the Working Group’s first year of activity, during which more than 200 participants from over 50 organisations collaborated through a series of technical workshops delivered by Policy Director Francesco Sandrelli, supported by Robert Merrylees and Paul Markides. 

The publication forms part of the UK Chamber’s wider work to support shipping’s transition to net zero while maintaining the highest standards of safety and operational excellence. 

Future work by the SAFWG will focus on identifying regulatory and knowledge gaps, developing project-specific case studies, expanding stakeholder engagement and establishing an incident and lessons-learned database. 

Note: The report, Alternative Fuels: Building the Safety Evidence Base, can be found here

 

Photo credit: Chris Pagan on Unsplash
Published: 4 August, 2026

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